The formula contains a potent mixture of ingredients that lighten, brighten and exfoliate the skin’s surface to make the skin surface appear more even and smooth. Key Ingredients: Arbutin: Arbutin is a plant extract known for its ability to lighten dark pigment spots. The pigment that causes pigmentation is called melamine, and to make melamine an enzyme called tyrosinase is required. Arbutin works by preventing the melamine-forming activity of the tyrosinase enzyme. Kojic Acid: Kojic acid is an effective lightening ingredient, and is actually a by-product from the production of the Japanese rice wine, sake. Kojic acid works, in the same way as arbutin, by preventing the melamine-forming activity of the tyrosinase enzyme. Lactic Acid (lactic acid): Lactic acid belongs to the AHA group, and is ideal for exfoliating the skin’s surface in a gentle way, so that new, fresh skin appears on the skin’s surface, so that it appears more uniform, fresh and smooth. The molecule in lactic acid is larger than in glycolic acid, which makes it gentler on the skin. Lactic acid can also help to improve the skin’s firmness, thickness and moisture level, and reduce the visibility of fine lines. Glycolic Acid: Like lactic acid, glycolic acid is a multitasking member of the AHA. Glycolic acid also contributes to exfoliating the skin’s surface, so that the skin appears fresh and with a renewed glow. Glycolic acid can also contribute to promoting the formation of collagen. It is the acid with the smallest molecular size in the AHA family, which means that it can also penetrate deeply into the skin.